Anti-doping sample collection follows a documented chain intended to protect the athlete, the specimen, and the reliability of the result. Exact details depend on the governing organization and specimen type, but the sequence below reflects the common World Anti-Doping Code model.
Selection and notification
An athlete may be selected randomly, by competition result, through targeted testing, or under another authorized plan. Testing can occur in or out of competition, and advance notice may not be given. A doping control officer or chaperone should identify themself, show credentials, explain the authority for the test, and notify the athlete of rights and responsibilities.
After notification, the athlete generally remains under observation. Limited delays may be allowed for a medal ceremony, media obligation, cool-down, another event, medical attention, or locating a representative or interpreter, but the doping control officer must approve the delay.
Rights and responsibilities
Depending on the rules, an athlete may have the right to a representative, an interpreter, an accessible process, an explanation of procedures, a choice among sealed collection kits, and written comments about irregularities. Responsibilities typically include reporting promptly, remaining in sight, presenting identification, following instructions, and maintaining control of the specimen until sealed.
Urine collection
The athlete selects a collection vessel and usually provides the specimen under direct observation by an authorized person as required by the rules. The athlete then selects a sealed kit, divides the specimen into A and B bottles as directed, seals both, and checks the code numbers. Specific gravity may be measured; a specimen that does not meet requirements can require additional collection.
Blood and dried blood spot collection
Blood collection is performed by qualified personnel under program procedures. Rest periods, posture, tube selection, sealing, temperature controls, and shipment requirements may apply. Dried blood spot collection uses a small blood sample applied to an authorized device. The athlete should receive an explanation before collection.
The doping control form
Review the form before signing. Confirm sample codes, dates, times, specimen types, and declared medications, supplements, injections, transfusions, and TUEs. Use the comments area to document concerns. Obtain or retain the athlete copy. The laboratory normally receives coded documentation rather than the athlete’s name.
Laboratory testing and results
Samples are transported under controlled conditions to an accredited laboratory. The A sample is analyzed first. If an adverse analytical finding is reported, rules may allow analysis of the B sample, review of laboratory documentation, and a results-management process. The athlete should follow the notice exactly and preserve deadlines.
If something seems wrong
Raise the issue during collection, ask that it be recorded, keep the paperwork, and write a contemporaneous account after the session. Do not obstruct the process; refusal or failure to comply can itself have consequences. Obtain advice from the responsible anti-doping organization or qualified counsel.
Primary sources
Related: chain of custody and the sports testing hub.